IELTS writing 1

Academic Writing
Writing Task 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.


Write at least 150 words.

The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000.

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Writing Task 2

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.

It is inevitable that as technology develops so traditional cultures must be lost. Technology and tradition are incompatible - you cannot have both together.


To what extent do you agree or disagree?

You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.


Write at least 250 words.

IELTS Reading

Please do the following test sample. Please inform the class. When every one finish then I'll make comments.
Good luck.
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Academic Reading Sample
Wind Power in the US

Prompted by the oil crises of the 1970s, a wind-power industry flourished briefly in the United States. But then world oil prices dropped, and funding for research into renewable energy was cut. By the mid 1980s US interest in wind energy as a large-scale source of energy had almost disappeared. The development of wind power at this time suffered not only from badly designed equipment, but also from poor long-term planning, economic projections that were too optimistic and the difficulty of finding suitable locations for the wind turbines.

Only now are technological advances beginning to offer hope that wind power will come to be accepted as a reliable and important source of electricity. There have been significant successes in California, in particular, where wind farms now have a capacity of 1500 megawatts, comparable to a large nuclear or fossil-fuelled power station, and produce 1.5 per cent of the state's electricity.

Nevertheless, in the U.S., the image of wind power is still distorted by early failures. One of the most persistent criticisms is that wind power is not a significant energy resource. Researchers at the Battelle Northwest Laboratory, however, estimate that today wind turbine technology could supply 20 per cent of the electrical power the country needs. As a local resource, wind power has even greater potential. Minnesota's energy commission calculates that a wind farm on one of the state's south western ridges could supply almost all that state's electricity. North Dakota alone has enough sites suitable for wind farms to supply more than a third of all electricity consumed in the continental US.

The prevailing notion that wind power is too costly results largely from early research which focused on turbines with huge blades that stood hundreds of metres tall. These machines were not designed for ease of production or maintenance, and they were enormously expensive. Because the major factors influencing the overall cost of wind power are the cost of the turbine and its supporting systems, including land, as well as operating and maintenance costs, it is hardly surprising that it was thought at the time that wind energy could not be supplied at a commercially competitive price. More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy. These systems, like installations in Hawaii and several European countries, have benefited from the economies of scale that come through standardised manufacturing and purchasing. The result has been a dramatic drop in capital costs: the installed cost of new wind turbines stood at $1000 per kilowatt in 1993, down from about $4000 per kilowatt in 1980, and continues to fall. Design improvements and more efficient maintenance programs for large numbers of turbines have reduced operating costs as well. The cost of electricity delivered by wind farm turbines has decreased from about 30 cents per kilowatt-hour to between 7 and 9 cents, which is generally less than the cost of electricity from conventional power stations. Reliability has also improved dramatically. The latest turbines run more than 95 per cent of the time, compared with around 60 per cent in the early 1980s. Another misconception is that improved designs are needed to make wind power feasible. Out of the numerous wind turbine designs proposed or built by inventors or developers, the propeller-blade type, which is based on detailed analytical models as well as extensive experimental data, has emerged as predominant among the more than 20,000 machines now in commercial operation world-wide. Like the gas-driven turbines that power jet aircraft, these are sophisticated pieces of rotating machinery. They are already highly efficient, and there is no reason to believe that other configurations will produce major benefits. Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed. There are many potential problems, ranging from interference with telecommunications to impact on wildlife and natural habitats. But these effects must be balanced against those associated with other forms of electricity generation. Conventional power stations impose hidden costs on society, such as the control of air pollution, the management of nuclear waste and global warming. As wind power has been ignored in the US over the past few years, expertise and commercial exploitation in the field have shifted to Europe. The European Union spends 10 times as much as the US government on research and development of wind energy. It estimates that at least 10 per cent of Europe's electrical power could be supplied by land-based wind-turbines using current technology. Indeed, according to the American Wind Energy Association, an independent organisation based in Washington, Denmark, Britain, Spain and the Netherlands will each surpass the US in the generating capacity of wind turbines installed during the rest of the decade.

Glossary

fossil fuel: coal, oil and natural gas
kilowatt: 1,000 watts; a watt is a unit of power
kilowatt-hour: one kilowatt for a period of one hour
megawatt: one million watts
wind farm: a group of wind turbines in one location producing a large amount of electricity
wind turbine: a machine which produces energy when the wind turns its blades

Questions 1 - 5

Complete the summary below using words from the box. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

NB There are more words or phrases than you will need to fill the gaps. You may use any word or phrase more than once.

Example
The failure during the late 1970s and early 1980s of an attempt to establish a widespread wind power industry in the United States resulted largely from the ...(1)... in oil prices during this period. The industry is now experiencing a steady ...(2)... due to improvements in technology and an increased awareness of the potential in the power of wind. The wind turbines that are now being made, based in part on the ...(3)... of wide-ranging research in Europe, are easier to manufacture and maintain than their predecessors. This has led wind-turbine makers to be able to standardise and thus minimise ...(4)... . There has been growing ...(5)... of the importance of wind power as an energy source.


criticism
success
design costs
production costs
failure

stability
operating costs
fall
growth
recognition

scepticism
decisions
effects
decline
results




Questions 6 - 10

Look at the following issues (Questions 6-10) and the list of implications below (A-C). Match each issue with the correct implication. Write the correct letter A-C in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.
N.B. You may use any letter more than once.

Example
The current price of one wind-generated kilowatt... Answer A

Issues

6.
The recent installation of systems taking advantage of economies of scale ...



7.
The potential of meeting one fifth of current US energy requirements by wind power ...



8.
The level of acceptance of current wind turbine technology ...



9.
A comparison of costs between conventional and wind power sources ...



10.
The view of wind power in the European Union ...



Implications

A
provides evidence against claims that electricity produced from wind power is relatively expensive.



B
supports claims that wind power is an important source of energy.



C
opposes the view that wind power technology requires further development.







April 1, 2005






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Japan Has Own Interests in Malacca Straits Security

Tuesday, 29 March, 2005 | 18:59 WIB

TEMPO Interactive, Jakarta:Japan’s desire to send its military forces to assist in the security of the Malacca Straits, according to Koesnadi Kardi, Head of the Education and Training Board at the Ministry of Defense, is due to its own interests.

“This is because almost 90 percent of Japan’s oil import trade traffic from the Middle East travels through the Malacca Straits,” said Koesnadi in Jakarta yesterday.

“For a long time now, Japan has wanted to mobilize its forces to help in the patrols, but we have always refused,” he said.

“We welcome Japan’s help in forms other than military forces, the reason being the sovereignty of Indonesia,” said Koesnadi.

However, Japan’s wish to send its troops would in fact also depend on approval from the United States, he added.
America’s interests, explained Koesnadi, was related to its national security.

It feels responsible for security in the Asia-Pacific region because of its military base in Hawaii.

“And the focus of air traffic security in the Asia-Pacific is the Malacca Straits,” said Koesnadi.


Indonesia being at this crossroads makes its position very strategic and responsible in terms of security for transportation traffic.

“If we fail, we can be sure that America and Japan will mobilize their forces within Indonesian territories,” said Koesnadi.

Japan, according to Koesnadi, is of the view that the security that provided jointly by Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore in the Malindo patrols, is not yet fully maximized.

One reason for this was the recent hijacking of a cargo ship that was under the Japanese flag.

The help that Indonesia hopes to receive from Japan is related to the purchase of low cost patrol ships.

This is because, according to Koesnadi, the problem that Indonesia faces in securing the Malacca Straits is its limited armada due to the small budget.

In addition, he explained, Indonesia had told America that the Malindo patrols could be effective in securing the Malacca Straits.

“Because of this, neither Japan nor America need mobilize their forces in the Malacca Straits,” said Koesnadi.

As previously reported some weeks ago, the Japanese Ambassador in Indonesia Yutaka Iimura said that it was his country’s intention to donate patrol ships.

However, because the Japan constitution forbids the giving of military assistance, help cannot be given to any military institution.

In the meantime, many are awaiting the results from a review by a technical team that will arrive in Jakarta in May.

Agus Supriyanto